ASTM E2172-2001(2008) 利用线虫(Caenorhabditiselegans)进行实验室土壤毒性试验的标准指南
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【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforConductingLaboratorySoilToxicityTestswiththeNematodeCaenorhabditiselegans
【原文标准名称】:利用线虫(Caenorhabditiselegans)进行实验室土壤毒性试验的标准指南
【标准号】:ASTME2172-2001(2008)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2001
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E47.02
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:Caernorhabditiselegans;Fieldtesting--soil;Nematicides(nematodecontrolagents);Soiltoxicity;Terrestrialsystems
【摘要】:Soiltoxicitytestsprovideinformationconcerningthetoxicityandbioavailabilityofchemicalsassociatedwithsoilstoterrestrialorganisms.Asimportantmembersofthesoilfauna,nematodeshaveanumberofcharacteristicsthatmakethemappropriateorganismsforuseintheassessmentofpotentiallyhazardoussoils.Bacterial-feedingnematodessuchasC.elegansfeedonsoilmicrobesandcontributetothebreakdownoforganicmatter.Theyarealsoofextremeimportanceinthecyclinganddegradationofkeynutrientsinsoilecosystems(9).Soilnematodesalsoserveasasourceofpreyandnutrientsforfaunaandmicroflorasuchassoilnematophagousfungi(10).Amajorchangeintheabundanceofsoilinvertebratessuchasnematodes,eitherasafoodsourceorasorganismsfunctioningproperlyintrophicenergytransferandnutrientcycling,couldhaveseriousadverseecologicaleffectsontheentireterrestrialsystem.Resultsfromsoiltestsmightbeanimportantconsiderationwhenassessingthehazardsofmaterialstoterrestrialorganisms.Thesoiltestmightbeusedtodeterminethetemporalorspatialdistributionofsoiltoxicity.Testmethodscanbeusedtodetecthorizontalandverticalgradientsintoxicity.Resultsofsoiltestscouldbeusedtocomparethesensitivitiesofdifferentspecies.AnunderstandingoftheeffectoftheseparametersontoxicitymaybegainedbyvaryingsoilcharacteristicssuchaspH,claycontent,andorganicmaterial.Resultsofsoiltestsmaybeusefulinhelpingtopredicttheeffectslikelytooccurwithterrestrialorganismsinfieldsituations.Fieldsurveyscanbedesignedtoprovideeitheraqualitativeorquantitativeevaluationofbiologicaleffectswithinasiteoramongsites.Soilsurveysevaluatingbiologicaleffectsareusuallypartofmorecomprehensiveanalysesofbiological,chemical,geological,andhydrographicconditions.Statisticalcorrelationcanbeimprovedandcostsreducedifsubsamplesofsoilforlaboratorytests,geochemicalanalyses,andcommunitystructurearetakensimultaneouslyfromthesamegrabofthesamesite.Soiltoxicitytestscanbeanimportanttoolformakingdecisionsregardingtheextentofremedialactionnecessaryforcontaminatedterrestrialsites.1.1Thisguidecoversproceduresforobtaininglaboratorydatatoevaluatetheadverseeffectsofchemicalsassociatedwithsoiltonematodesfromsoiltoxicitytests.ThisstandardisbasedonamodificationtoGuideE1676.Themethodsaredesignedtoassesslethalorsublethaltoxiceffectsonnematodesinshort-termtestsinterrestrialsystems.Soilstobetestedmaybe(1)referencessoilsorpotentiallytoxicsoilsites;(2)artificial,reference,orsitesoilsspikedwithcompounds;(3)sitesoilsdilutedwithreferencesoils;or(4)siteorreferencesoilsdilutedwithartificialsoil.TestproceduresaredescribedforthespeciesCaenorhabditiselegans(seeAnnexA1).Methodsdescribedinthisguidemayalsobeusefulforconductingsoiltoxicitytestswithotherterrestrialspecies,althoughmodificationsmaybenecessary.1.2SummaryofPreviousStudies8212;Initialsoiltoxicitytestingusingthefree-living,bacterivoroussoilnematodeCaenorhabditiseleganswasdevelopedbyDonkinandDusenbery(1).FollowingthedevelopmentofaneffectivemethodofrecoveryofC.elegansfromtestsoils,theorganismwasusedtoidentifyfactorsthataffectthetoxicityofzinc,cadmium,copper,andlead
【原文标准名称】:利用线虫(Caenorhabditiselegans)进行实验室土壤毒性试验的标准指南
【标准号】:ASTME2172-2001(2008)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2001
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E47.02
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:Caernorhabditiselegans;Fieldtesting--soil;Nematicides(nematodecontrolagents);Soiltoxicity;Terrestrialsystems
【摘要】:Soiltoxicitytestsprovideinformationconcerningthetoxicityandbioavailabilityofchemicalsassociatedwithsoilstoterrestrialorganisms.Asimportantmembersofthesoilfauna,nematodeshaveanumberofcharacteristicsthatmakethemappropriateorganismsforuseintheassessmentofpotentiallyhazardoussoils.Bacterial-feedingnematodessuchasC.elegansfeedonsoilmicrobesandcontributetothebreakdownoforganicmatter.Theyarealsoofextremeimportanceinthecyclinganddegradationofkeynutrientsinsoilecosystems(9).Soilnematodesalsoserveasasourceofpreyandnutrientsforfaunaandmicroflorasuchassoilnematophagousfungi(10).Amajorchangeintheabundanceofsoilinvertebratessuchasnematodes,eitherasafoodsourceorasorganismsfunctioningproperlyintrophicenergytransferandnutrientcycling,couldhaveseriousadverseecologicaleffectsontheentireterrestrialsystem.Resultsfromsoiltestsmightbeanimportantconsiderationwhenassessingthehazardsofmaterialstoterrestrialorganisms.Thesoiltestmightbeusedtodeterminethetemporalorspatialdistributionofsoiltoxicity.Testmethodscanbeusedtodetecthorizontalandverticalgradientsintoxicity.Resultsofsoiltestscouldbeusedtocomparethesensitivitiesofdifferentspecies.AnunderstandingoftheeffectoftheseparametersontoxicitymaybegainedbyvaryingsoilcharacteristicssuchaspH,claycontent,andorganicmaterial.Resultsofsoiltestsmaybeusefulinhelpingtopredicttheeffectslikelytooccurwithterrestrialorganismsinfieldsituations.Fieldsurveyscanbedesignedtoprovideeitheraqualitativeorquantitativeevaluationofbiologicaleffectswithinasiteoramongsites.Soilsurveysevaluatingbiologicaleffectsareusuallypartofmorecomprehensiveanalysesofbiological,chemical,geological,andhydrographicconditions.Statisticalcorrelationcanbeimprovedandcostsreducedifsubsamplesofsoilforlaboratorytests,geochemicalanalyses,andcommunitystructurearetakensimultaneouslyfromthesamegrabofthesamesite.Soiltoxicitytestscanbeanimportanttoolformakingdecisionsregardingtheextentofremedialactionnecessaryforcontaminatedterrestrialsites.1.1Thisguidecoversproceduresforobtaininglaboratorydatatoevaluatetheadverseeffectsofchemicalsassociatedwithsoiltonematodesfromsoiltoxicitytests.ThisstandardisbasedonamodificationtoGuideE1676.Themethodsaredesignedtoassesslethalorsublethaltoxiceffectsonnematodesinshort-termtestsinterrestrialsystems.Soilstobetestedmaybe(1)referencessoilsorpotentiallytoxicsoilsites;(2)artificial,reference,orsitesoilsspikedwithcompounds;(3)sitesoilsdilutedwithreferencesoils;or(4)siteorreferencesoilsdilutedwithartificialsoil.TestproceduresaredescribedforthespeciesCaenorhabditiselegans(seeAnnexA1).Methodsdescribedinthisguidemayalsobeusefulforconductingsoiltoxicitytestswithotherterrestrialspecies,althoughmodificationsmaybenecessary.1.2SummaryofPreviousStudies8212;Initialsoiltoxicitytestingusingthefree-living,bacterivoroussoilnematodeCaenorhabditiseleganswasdevelopedbyDonkinandDusenbery(1).FollowingthedevelopmentofaneffectivemethodofrecoveryofC.elegansfromtestsoils,theorganismwasusedtoidentifyfactorsthataffectthetoxicityofzinc,cadmium,copper,andlead
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